shows a typical layer construction of a disposable absorbent hygiene
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Download scientific diagram | shows a typical layer construction of a disposable absorbent hygiene pad, which consists of a fluid permeable top sheet, an optional acquisition layer, a superabsorbent core, and a fluid impermeable back sheet with and without adhesives [2,4,14,55]. The layer structure of baby diapers, feminine hygiene pads, and adult diapers are very similar; whereas the design of fastening systems (such as fastening cuffs/wings and adhesives) are different between baby diapers and feminine pads. For feminine pads, main layer design has changed little since its earliest commercial product by Johnson & Johnson in 1896 [29], while the constituent materials have been evolved for higher level of protection and comfort. One of the main improvements was made in 1970s when the fastening adhesive was added to the back sheet of the pads, replacing pins and belts of the fastening system. Further improvement was made with incorporation of superabsorbent gel particles in the absorbent core, which allowed a higher capacity and quick absorption of fluids [1-4,29,30,40]. For all type of absorbent pads, the topsheet commonly consists of a thin layer of perforated polypropylene/or polyethylene nonwoven and this layer is in direct contact with skin [56]. The main function of this layer is to transfer fluids and feces quickly to the layer beneath, thus a high wicking ability is desirable. Mostly, emollient or lotion is applied onto the topsheet material to grant protection from irritation and skin softness [2,14,49,50,52]. Between the topsheet and the absorbent core, an optional acquisition layer (also called as distribution layer) may exist for modern design of pads [4]. This layer is composed of a cellulose patch and a polyester nonwoven, and its function is to facilitate the spread of fluid evenly across the entire area. Also, this layer helps prevent fluid reflux by retaining the fluid, and helps fluid transfer to the next absorbent layer. The absorbent core beneath the acquisition layer functions for fluid storage. This layer is composed of a blend of superabsorbent polymer granules and fluff cellulose, which are encapsulated by cellulose or polypropylene nonwoven. The superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is typically made from sodium polyacrylate granules [4,14,33,34], and it transforms into a gel-like substance once it is wet, absorbing up to 30 times its weight liquid. The superabsorbent material alone has been thoroughly evaluated in many studies for skin irritation, sensitization, systemic toxic effects, and concluded to be safe for human use [4,30,40]. The cellulose fluff in the absorbent core helps to absorb liquid quickly and transfer to SAP [4]. Then fluid is locked and stored within this core layer even under applied pressure. For the core constituents to be transferred to skin, the constituents need to be first solubilized in the fluid vehicle then released from the layer upon the applied pressure [2,3,47]. As SAP is not water soluble, it is hardly released from the pad by wetting or reflux. The backsheet is typically made of a water-proof polyethylene or polypropylene film laminated with polypropylene nonwoven [2,14,55]. This layer prevents fluid from leaking. For feminine pads, the backsheet has adhesives to fix on cloth. Baby diapers employ different fastening system, thus do not have such adhesives on the backsheet. Constituents of the backsheet and adhesives are reported to have negligible skin exposure through reflux [14]. from publication: Safety Evaluation of Absorbent Hygiene Pads: a Review on Assessment Framework and Test Methods | Disposable absorbent hygiene products have evolved for superior performance, enhancing the convenience of daily lives. Yet the use of disposable hygiene pads has brought safety concerns on chemical exposure, and significant efforts have been made to assess the potential risks | Hygiene, Risk Assessment and Hazard | ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists.
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