Thematic brief: Ecosystems & ecosystem services

Ecosystems consist of plants, animal and microorganism communities (including for example, rainforests, coral reefs, agricultural land and managed forests), while ecosystem goods and services are the benefits to human society that ecosystems provide (for example, water provision and flood and storm protection). Ecosystem degradation and the impacts of climate change release the carbon that is stored in biomass and soils, and increase the risk of ecological collapse. Land-use change, predominately due to tropical deforestation and burning contributes 13 per cent of annual global emissions.

9 Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity, Advancing the Science of Climate Change

Chapter 15: Small Islands Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

Ecosystem Accounting System of Environmental Economic Accounting

Managing community ecosystem services « Cultural Ecology

Ecosystem-Based Adaptation

Publications Green Climate Fund

Ecosystem-based Adaptation - resource

Risk to the supply of ecosystem services across aquatic ecosystems - ScienceDirect

Ecosystems and ecosystem services

Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity - Fourth National Climate Assessment